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- Chapter 9: Using Pageant for authentication
  - 9.1 Getting started with Pageant
  - 9.2 The Pageant main window
    - 9.2.1 The key list box
    - 9.2.2 The ‘Add Key’ button
    - 9.2.3 The ‘Remove Key’ button
  - 9.3 The Pageant command line
    - 9.3.1 Making Pageant automatically load keys on startup
    - 9.3.2 Making Pageant run another program
    - 9.3.3 Integrating with Windows OpenSSH
    - 9.3.4 Unix-domain sockets: integrating with WSL 1
    - 9.3.5 Starting with the key list visible
    - 9.3.6 Restricting the Windows process ACL
  - 9.4 Using agent forwarding
  - 9.5 Loading keys without decrypting them
  - 9.6 Security considerations

# Chapter 9: Using Pageant for authentication

Pageant is an SSH authentication agent. It holds your private keys in memory, already decoded, so that you can use them often without needing to type a passphrase.

## 9.1 Getting started with Pageant

Before you run Pageant, you need to have a private key in `*.PPK` format. See chapter 8 to find out how to generate and use one.

When you run Pageant, it will put an icon of a computer wearing a hat into the System tray. It will then sit and do nothing, until you load a private key into it. (You may need to use Windows' ‘Show hidden icons’ arrow to see the Pageant icon.)

If you click the Pageant icon with the right mouse button, you will see a menu. Select ‘View Keys’ from this menu. The Pageant main window will appear. (You can also bring this window up by double-clicking on the Pageant icon.)

The Pageant window contains a list box. This shows the private keys Pageant is holding. When you start Pageant, it has no keys, so the list box will be empty. After you add one or more keys, they will show up in the list box.

To add a key to Pageant, press the ‘Add Key’ button. Pageant will bring up a file dialog, labelled ‘Select Private Key File’. Find your private key file in this dialog, and press ‘Open’.

Pageant will now load the private key. If the key is protected by a passphrase, Pageant will ask you to type the passphrase. When the key has been loaded, it will appear in the list in the Pageant window.

Now start PuTTY and open an SSH session to a site that accepts your key. PuTTY will notice that Pageant is running, retrieve the key automatically from Pageant, and use it to authenticate. You can now open as many PuTTY sessions as you like without having to type your passphrase again.

(PuTTY can be configured not to try to use Pageant, but it will try by default. See section 4.21.4 and section 3.11.3.9 for more information.)

When you want to shut down Pageant, click the right button on the Pageant icon in the System tray, and select ‘Exit’ from the menu. Closing the Pageant main window does not shut down Pageant.

If you want Pageant to stay running but forget all the keys it has acquired, select ‘Remove All Keys’ from the System tray menu.

## 9.2 The Pageant main window

The Pageant main window appears when you left-click on the Pageant system tray icon, or alternatively right-click and select ‘View Keys’ from the menu. You can use it to keep track of what keys are currently loaded into Pageant, and to add new ones or remove the existing keys.

### 9.2.1 The key list box

The large list box in the Pageant main window lists the private keys that are currently loaded into Pageant. The list might look something like this:

    Ed25519    SHA256:TddlQk20DVs4LRcAsIfDN9pInKpY06D+h4kSHwWAj4w
    RSA  2048  SHA256:8DFtyHm3kQihgy52nzX96qMcEVOq7/yJmmwQQhBWYFg

For each key, the list box will tell you:

- The type of the key. Currently, this can be ‘RSA’ (an RSA key for use with the SSH-2 protocol), ‘DSA’ (a DSA key for use with the SSH-2 protocol), ‘NIST’ (an ECDSA key for use with the SSH-2 protocol), ‘Ed25519’ (an Ed25519 key for use with the SSH-2 protocol), ‘Ed448’ (an Ed448 key for use with the SSH-2 protocol), or ‘SSH-1’ (an RSA key for use with the old SSH-1 protocol). (If the key has an associated certificate, this is shown here with a ‘cert’ suffix.)
- The size (in bits) of the key, for key types that come in different sizes. (For ECDSA ‘NIST’ keys, this is indicated as ‘p256’ or ‘p384’ or ‘p521’.)
- The fingerprint for the public key. This should be the same fingerprint given by PuTTYgen, and (hopefully) also the same fingerprint shown by remote utilities such as `ssh-keygen` when applied to your `authorized_keys` file.

  For SSH-2 keys, by default this is shown in the ‘SHA256’ format. You can change to the older ‘MD5’ format (which looks like `aa:bb:cc:...`) with the ‘Fingerprint type’ drop-down, but bear in mind that this format is less secure and should be avoided for comparison purposes where possible.

  If some of the keys loaded into Pageant have certificates attached, then Pageant will default to showing the fingerprint of the underlying key. This way, a certified and uncertified version of the same key will have the same fingerprint, so you can see that they match. You can instead use the ‘Fingerprint type’ drop-down to ask for a different fingerprint to be shown for certified keys, which includes the certificate as part of the fingerprinted data. That way you can tell two certificates apart.

- The comment attached to the key.
- The state of deferred decryption, if enabled for this key. See section 9.5.

### 9.2.2 The ‘Add Key’ button

To add a key to Pageant by reading it out of a local disk file, press the ‘Add Key’ button in the Pageant main window, or alternatively right-click on the Pageant icon in the system tray and select ‘Add Key’ from there.

Pageant will bring up a file dialog, labelled ‘Select Private Key File’. Find your private key file in this dialog, and press ‘Open’. If you want to add more than one key at once, you can select multiple files using Shift-click (to select several adjacent files) or Ctrl-click (to select non-adjacent files).

Pageant will now load the private key(s). If a key is protected by a passphrase, Pageant will ask you to type the passphrase.

(This is not the only way to add a private key to Pageant. You can also add one from a remote system by using agent forwarding; see section 9.4 for details.)

### 9.2.3 The ‘Remove Key’ button

If you need to remove a key from Pageant, select that key in the list box, and press the ‘Remove Key’ button. Pageant will remove the key from its memory.

You can apply this to keys you added using the ‘Add Key’ button, or to keys you added remotely using agent forwarding (see section 9.4); it makes no difference.

## 9.3 The Pageant command line

Pageant can be made to do things automatically when it starts up, by specifying instructions on its command line. If you're starting Pageant from the Windows GUI, you can arrange this by editing the properties of the Windows shortcut that it was started from.

If Pageant is already running, invoking it again with the options below causes actions to be performed with the existing instance, not a new one.

### 9.3.1 Making Pageant automatically load keys on startup

Pageant can automatically load one or more private keys when it starts up, if you provide them on the Pageant command line. Your command line might then look like:

    C:\PuTTY\pageant.exe d:\main.ppk d:\secondary.ppk

If the keys are stored encrypted, Pageant will request the passphrases on startup.

If Pageant is already running, this syntax loads keys into the existing Pageant.

You can specify the ‘`--encrypted`’ option to defer decryption of these keys; see section 9.5.

### 9.3.2 Making Pageant run another program

You can arrange for Pageant to start another program once it has initialised itself and loaded any keys specified on its command line. This program (perhaps a PuTTY, or a WinCVS making use of Plink, or whatever) will then be able to use the keys Pageant has loaded.

You do this by specifying the `-c` option followed by the command, like this:

    C:\PuTTY\pageant.exe d:\main.ppk -c C:\PuTTY\putty.exe

### 9.3.3 Integrating with Windows OpenSSH

Windows's own port of OpenSSH uses the same mechanism as Pageant to talk to its SSH agent (Windows named pipes). This means that Windows OpenSSH can talk directly to Pageant, if it knows where to find Pageant's named pipe.

When Pageant starts up, it can optionally write out a file containing an OpenSSH configuration directive that tells the Windows `ssh.exe` where to find Pageant. If you include this file from your Windows SSH configuration, then `ssh.exe` should automatically use Pageant as its agent, so that you can keep your keys in one place and have both SSH clients able to use them.

The option is `--openssh-config`, and you follow it with a filename.

To refer to this file from your main OpenSSH configuration, you can use the ‘`Include`’ directive. For example, you might run Pageant like this (with your own username substituted, of course):

    pageant --openssh-config C:\Users\Simon\.ssh\pageant.conf

and then add a directive like this to your main ‘`.ssh\config`’ file (assuming that lives in the same directory that you just put `pageant.conf`):

    Include pageant.conf

Note: this technique only works with Windows's port of OpenSSH, which lives at `C:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH\ssh.exe` if you have it installed. (If not, it can be installed as a Windows optional feature, e.g., via Settings > Apps & features > Optional features > Add a feature > OpenSSH Client.)

There are other versions of OpenSSH for Windows, notably the one that comes with Windows `git`. Those will likely not work with the same configuration, because they tend to depend on Unix emulation layers like MinGW or MSys, so they won't speak Windows native pathname syntax or understand named pipes. The above instructions will only work with Windows's own version of OpenSSH.

So, if you want to use Windows `git` with an SSH key held in Pageant, you'll have to set the environment variable `GIT_SSH`, to point at a different program. You could point it at `c:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH\ssh.exe` once you've done this setup – but it's just as easy to point it at Plink!

### 9.3.4 Unix-domain sockets: integrating with WSL 1

Pageant can listen on the WinSock implementation of ‘Unix-domain sockets’. These interoperate with the Unix-domain sockets found in the original Windows Subsystem for Linux (now known as WSL 1). So if you ask Pageant to listen on one of these, then your WSL 1 processes can talk directly to Pageant.

To configure this, run Pageant with the option `--unix`, followed with a pathname. Then, in WSL 1, set the environment variable `SSH_AUTH_SOCK` to point at the WSL translation of that pathname.

For example, you might run

    pageant --unix C:\Users\Simon\.ssh\agent.sock

and in WSL 1, set the environment variable

    SSH_AUTH_SOCK=/mnt/c/Users/Simon/.ssh/agent.sock

Alternatively, you can add a line to your `.ssh/config` file inside WSL that says

    IdentityAgent /mnt/c/Users/Simon/.ssh/agent.sock

although doing it like that may mean that `ssh-add` commands won't find the agent, even though `ssh` itself will.

Security note: Unix-domain sockets are protected against access by other users by the file protections on their containing directory. So if your Windows machine is multiuser, make sure you create the socket inside a directory that other users can't access at all. (In fact, that's a good idea on general principles.)

Compatibility note: WSL 2 processes cannot talk to Pageant by this mechanism, because WSL 2's Unix-domain sockets are managed by a separate Linux kernel, and not by the same kernel that WinSock talks to.

### 9.3.5 Starting with the key list visible

Start Pageant with the `--keylist` option to show the main window as soon as it starts up.

### 9.3.6 Restricting the Windows process ACL

Pageant supports the same `-restrict-acl` option as the other PuTTY utilities to lock down the Pageant process's access control; see section 3.11.3.28 for why you might want to do this.

By default, if Pageant is started with `-restrict-acl`, it won't pass this to any PuTTY sessions started from its System Tray submenu. Use `-restrict-putty-acl` to change this. (Again, see section 3.11.3.28 for details.)

## 9.4 Using agent forwarding

Agent forwarding is a mechanism that allows applications on your SSH server machine to talk to the agent on your client machine.

Note that at present, whether agent forwarding in SSH-2 is available depends on your server. Pageant's protocol is compatible with the OpenSSH server, but the `ssh.com` server uses a different agent protocol, which PuTTY does not yet support.

To enable agent forwarding, first start Pageant. Then set up a PuTTY SSH session in which ‘Allow agent forwarding’ is enabled (see section 4.21.7). Open the session as normal. (Alternatively, you can use the `-A` command line option; see section 3.11.3.10 for details.)

If this has worked, your applications on the server should now have access to a Unix domain socket which the SSH server will forward back to PuTTY, and PuTTY will forward on to the agent. To check that this has actually happened, you can try this command on Unix server machines:

    unixbox:~$ echo $SSH_AUTH_SOCK
    /tmp/ssh-XXNP18Jz/agent.28794
    unixbox:~$

If the result line comes up blank, agent forwarding has not been enabled at all.

Now if you run `ssh` on the server and use it to connect through to another server that accepts one of the keys in Pageant, you should be able to log in without a password:

    unixbox:~$ ssh -v otherunixbox
    [...]
    debug: next auth method to try is publickey
    debug: userauth_pubkey_agent: trying agent key my-putty-key
    debug: ssh-userauth2 successful: method publickey
    [...]

If you enable agent forwarding on that SSH connection as well (see the manual for your server-side SSH client to find out how to do this), your authentication keys will still be available on the next machine you connect to - two SSH connections away from where they're actually stored.

In addition, if you have a private key on one of the SSH servers, you can send it all the way back to Pageant using the local `ssh-add` command:

    unixbox:~$ ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa
    Need passphrase for /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa
    Enter passphrase for /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa:
    Identity added: /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa (/home/simon/.ssh/id_rsa)
    unixbox:~$

and then it's available to every machine that has agent forwarding available (not just the ones downstream of the place you added it).

## 9.5 Loading keys without decrypting them

You can add keys to Pageant without decrypting them. The key file will be held in Pageant's memory still encrypted, and when a client program first tries to use the key, Pageant will display a dialog box prompting for the passphrase so that the key can be decrypted.

This works the same way whether the key is used by an instance of PuTTY running locally, or a remote client connecting to Pageant through agent forwarding.

To add a key to Pageant in this encrypted form, press the ‘Add Key (encrypted)’ button in the Pageant main window, or alternatively right-click on the Pageant icon in the system tray and select ‘Add Key (encrypted)’ from there. Pageant will bring up a file dialog, in just the same way as it would for the plain ‘Add Key’ button. But it won't ask for a passphrase. Instead, the key will be listed in the main window with ‘(encrypted)’ after it.

To start Pageant up in the first place with encrypted keys loaded into it, you can use the ‘`--encrypted`’ option on the command line. For example:

    C:\PuTTY\pageant.exe --encrypted d:\main.ppk

After a key has been decrypted for the first use, it remains decrypted, so that it can be used again. The main window will list the key with ‘(re-encryptable)’ after it. You can revert it to the previous state, where a passphrase is required, using the ‘Re-encrypt’ button in the Pageant main window.

You can also ‘re-encrypt’ all keys that were added encrypted by choosing ‘Re-encrypt All Keys’ from the System tray menu. (Note that this does not discard cleartext keys that were not previously added encrypted!)

CAUTION: When Pageant displays a prompt to decrypt an already-loaded key, it cannot give keyboard focus to the prompt dialog box. As far as I know this is a deliberate defensive measure by Windows, against malicious software. So make sure you click in the prompt window before typing your passphrase, or else the passphrase might be sent to somewhere you didn't want to trust with it!

## 9.6 Security considerations

Using Pageant for public-key authentication gives you the convenience of being able to open multiple SSH sessions without having to type a passphrase every time, but also gives you the security benefit of never storing a decrypted private key on disk. Many people feel this is a good compromise between security and convenience.

It is a compromise, however. Holding your decrypted private keys in Pageant is better than storing them in easy-to-find disk files, but still less secure than not storing them anywhere at all. This is for two reasons:

- Windows unfortunately provides no way to protect pieces of memory from being written to the system swap file. So if Pageant is holding your private keys for a long period of time, it's possible that decrypted private key data may be written to the system swap file, and an attacker who gained access to your hard disk later on might be able to recover that data. (However, if you stored an unencrypted key in a disk file they would certainly be able to recover it.)
- Although, like most modern operating systems, Windows prevents programs from accidentally accessing one another's memory space, it does allow programs to access one another's memory space deliberately, for special purposes such as debugging. This means that if you allow a virus, trojan, or other malicious program on to your Windows system while Pageant is running, it could access the memory of the Pageant process, extract your decrypted authentication keys, and send them back to its master.

Similarly, use of agent forwarding is a security improvement on other methods of one-touch authentication, but not perfect. Holding your keys in Pageant on your Windows box has a security advantage over holding them on the remote server machine itself (either in an agent or just unencrypted on disk), because if the server machine ever sees your unencrypted private key then the sysadmin or anyone who cracks the machine can steal the keys and pretend to be you for as long as they want.

However, the sysadmin of the server machine can always pretend to be you on that machine. So if you forward your agent to a server machine, then the sysadmin of that machine can access the forwarded agent connection and request signatures from any of your private keys, and can therefore log in to other machines as you. They can only do this to a limited extent - when the agent forwarding disappears they lose the ability - but using Pageant doesn't actually prevent the sysadmin (or hackers) on the server from doing this.

Therefore, if you don't trust the sysadmin of a server machine, you should never use agent forwarding to that machine. (Of course you also shouldn't store private keys on that machine, type passphrases into it, or log into other machines from it in any way at all; Pageant is hardly unique in this respect.)

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